A scholar and a gentleman : the problematic identity of the scientific practitioner in early modern England / Steven Shapin.
Abstract:
'The paper has three parts: in the first, I argue (against some apparent evidence to the contrary) that both the ascribed attributes and aspects of the concrete circumstances of the gentleman and the scholar set them in opposition; in the second, I show that the publicists of the new science attempted to develop a scholarly practice suitable for gentlemen, in the course of which they aimed to re-specify what it was to be a gentleman and what it was to be a scholar; finally, I analyse the obstacles confronted in that attempted respecification, and I ask what the new scientific enterprise looked like from the point of view of genteel society. To this end I turn to sources not commonly used by historians of science and philosophy--the so-called courtesy' literature which detailed codes of practical conduct and manners for gentlemen.'
History of science Vol. 29 (1991), p. 279-327